Sustainability Challenges in Open-Pit and Underground Mining: A Review of Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts

Abstract

The mining industry faces unprecedented sustainability challenges as global demand for minerals intensifies while environmental and social concerns escalate. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted impacts of open-pit and underground mining operations across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The study employs a systematic literature review methodology, analyzing peer-reviewed publications from 2020-2024 to assess current sustainability challenges. Our hypothesis posits that open-pit mining generates more severe environmental impacts than underground mining, while both methods present significant social and economic challenges requiring integrated sustainability frameworks. Results indicate that mining activities contribute 4-7% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with open-pit operations causing more extensive habitat destruction and land degradation. Social impacts include community displacement, health hazards, and inequitable economic benefit distribution. Economic implications encompass resource depletion costs, reclamation expenses, and long-term sustainability investments. Discussion reveals that integrated sustainability approaches combining technological innovation, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder engagement are essential for mining sector transformation. The study concludes that sustainable mining requires comprehensive frameworks addressing environmental protection, social equity, and economic viability through collaborative governance, technological advancement, and responsible resource management practices.