Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Citrus sinensis, Ficus religiosa, and Psidium guajava Extracts Against Various Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract

This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties of Citrus sinensis, Ficus religiosa, and
Psidium guajava extracts against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae. The extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and distilled water,
and their antimicrobial efficacy was assessed through the zone of inhibition method. Among
the solvents, ethanol extracts at 80% concentration exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, showing significant inhibition against E. coli (6mm) and K. pneumoniae (5mm).
Ethyl acetate extracts were particularly effective against B. cereus, with the 100%
concentration demonstrating the highest inhibition (5mm). Phytochemical analysis confirmed
the presence of tannins, suggesting their role in the observed antimicrobial effects. These
results indicate that ethanol and ethyl acetate are effective solvents for extracting bioactive
compounds from these plants. However, further research is required to explore additional
bioactive constituents, investigate the effectiveness of other solvents, and assess antimicrobial
activity against a broader spectrum of pathogens. Additionally, in vivo studies and resistance
evaluations are necessary to determine the therapeutic potential and clinical applicability of
these plant extracts in combating bacterial infections.