FloraFusion: Valorization of Agro-Waste-Based Natural Dyes for Sustainable Textile Applications

Abstract

The global textile industry is a major contributor to environmental degradation, primarily due to the use of synthetic dyes, which are derived from petrochemicals and pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health. Synthetic dye effluents contaminate water bodies, disrupt aquatic ecosystems, and often require expensive wastewater treatment processes. As a result, there is a growing interest in identifying biodegradable and renewable alternatives. This study explores the dyeing potential of agro-waste-based natural dyes derived from betel nut, marigold, and pomegranate peel on three fabric substrates: cotton knit, cotton woven, and silk. The primary objectives are to assess the color strength (K/S values), fastness properties (washing, rubbing, light, saliva), changes in fabric GSM after dyeing, and the antibacterial properties of the dyed fabrics.

Aqueous dye extracts were obtained from dried agro-waste powders and applied to pre-mordanted fabrics using an alum mordant. Standard ISO testing protocols were employed to evaluate color fastness, while the zone of inhibition method was used to assess antibacterial efficacy. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that silk consistently exhibited the highest dye uptake, followed by cotton woven and cotton knit. Among the dyes, pomegranate peel not only produced a strong color yield but also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity.

The results demonstrate that agro-waste-derived dyes can offer performance comparable to conventional synthetic dyes. These findings support the valorization of agricultural by-products as sustainable, cost-effective, and functional dye sources. This research contributes to the advancement of environmentally responsible textile processing and aligns with global sustainability objectives in the fashion and apparel industry.

DOI: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2026-93288788