Evaluation of Groundwater Impacts Caused by Surface Mining and Potential Mitigation Techniques

Abstract

Surface mining operations significantly impact groundwater quality through acid mine drainage, heavy metal leaching, and hydrological alterations, posing substantial risks to human health and ecosystems. This study evaluates groundwater contamination in Indian coalfield regions, examining physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. Analysis reveals that iron, manganese, and aluminum exceed Indian drinking water standards in 59%, 56%, and 48% of groundwater samples respectively in coal mining areas. The research hypothesis proposed that surface mining activities significantly elevate heavy metal concentrations in adjacent groundwater systems. Various mitigation techniques including constructed wetlands, permeable reactive barriers, and phytoremediation demonstrate removal efficiencies ranging from 72% to 96% for different contaminants. The study synthesizes data from multiple mining regions across India including Umaria, Sohagpur, Korba, and Singrauli coalfields. Results indicate that integrated remediation strategies combining passive and active treatment methods offer cost-effective solutions for long-term groundwater quality restoration. Implementation of proactive monitoring programs and sustainable mining practices are essential for minimizing environmental degradation and protecting water resources for future generations.