Dual Axis Solar Tracker Without Microcontroller

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy sources, but its efficiency depends on the alignment of the solar panel with the sun. In fixed panels, maximum energy is received only for a short duration. To overcome this limitation, this project presents a dual axis solar tracker that automatically adjusts the position of the solar panel to follow the sun’s movement in both directions. The system is designed without using a microcontroller, making it simple, cost-effective and easy to implement. It uses multiple Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor modules placed around the setup to detect the intensity and direction of sunlight. When light falls unevenly on these sensors, a difference in output is generated, which is used to control the movement of the panel. An L298N motor driver module is used to control two DC motors. One motor is used for horizontal rotation (left–right movement) and the other is used for vertical tilt (up–down movement) of the solar panel. Based on the signals from the LDR sensors, the motors rotate the panel until it reaches the position of maximum light intensity. The system also includes a power supply unit consisting of a rectifier, filter capacitor and voltage regulator to provide a stable DC supply. A battery is used to power the circuit and LED indicators are used to show the working condition of the system and sensor outputs. The solar panel mounted on a mechanical structure is capable of adjusting its position smoothly using the motor arrangement. As the panel continuously tracks the sun, it receives more sunlight compared to a fixed panel, thereby improving overall efficiency. This project demonstrates a practical and effective way of increasing solar energy utilization using simple components without any programming. Additionally, the system is easy to build, understand and maintain, making it suitable for student projects and educational purposes. With further improvements, this model can be developed into a real-time solar tracking system for better energy generation in practical applications.